2

  -2023

/ 5  

 

[    ( 1500 – 1956 .)]

   : 3 .  :100

:                       

      

 -

1.       ?            



2. 1789             

 -

3.         ,         

   ?

4.             ?

2

 -

5.                

6.  



           ?         

   ?

 -

7. 1929           ?   



     

 

8.                ?

2

  -2023

/ 5  

 

[    ( 1500 – 1956 .)]

   : 3 .  :100

:                       

      

 -

1.       ?            



:    ,       14    

   17             "" 

       ""       ""     

    (  " "   )      

   ,   , ,        

    

        ,         

 :

1.      

1453                

   ,             

      ,         ,   

  

2

2.  

1440              

                ,

       ,            

 ,          

3.  

,            ,   

                

         ,      

  

4.     

                  ,

                

       ,           

     ,         ,   

    

5.    

             

            , ,

         ,  ""      

             

6.   



  

                 

,               ()

   ()          ,   

      ,         

7.  



-   

,                

    



-     



 ,      -

    ,        ,     

  

    

               

     :

2

1.      

               

      ,     -  





        ,       

•      " " ,        

 ,          " "  " 

"          

•     ""           

   

•                

,               



2.    

  16  17           

                  

              

         

•               

            ,     -

     

•       ,         

 ,       

3.   :  

            ,  

    ,             

  ,   ,         1517     

  95                  

     

4.    

                  ,

 ,           ,  

        

• 1492               

2

• --            

  

•           

       ,    ,     

    

5.   

  ,             

           ,      

 ,                

    ,          

 

6.     

              

           ,  ,    

         ,     ,  

        

•                 

   ,             

      

•           ,  

    -       , 

      

7.    :    

               

          ,    

                 

      

8.      

     ,            

,           ,   ,  

                   



2

  ,           

                

   ,          



        ,       

       ,        

              ,  ,

, ,            ,  

,              

               

     

2. 1789             

:1789              

             ,   

      , ,       

   ,              

 

1.     

                 

         ,      ,    

    ,  ,      ( ) 

              ,     

                

  ,       -       

 

                  

      ,   ,      ,

                 

    ,        .

2

2.  

18    ,          ,    

   ,             

   1780           ,     

        

            ,      

      ,          

 , 1780            ,  

,         ,     - 

   ,             , 

          

3.        

                

     ,          

                

 ,              -

  ,        

 ,              

 - ,          ,     

    ,            

        

4.     -  

          ,        

 ,               ,

         ,        ,  

                 , 

                  



       ,     1789  -  

   ,     1614        -

      ,          

  ,              ,   

        ,         

         ,      

     ,       

2

5.       

    ,          , 

,         ,     

          ,     

              , 

            

     ,               

                  

          

6.            

    ,       ,       

   ,      ,          ,

      (    )     ,   

 ,      ,          

 

       ,          ,  

            ,        

,          1789 ,   

             (

7.       

                   

                   

    ,           

 ,                

    ,            



       1787            

            -      

                  

    



1789    , ,        

     ,  ,  ,  

                 

                 

2

  ,              

          ,        

      

 -

3.         ,         

   ?

: ,  18          19      

  ,               ,  

               , 

      

      

1.           ,      

                 

,             ,

 ,              

                  

  ""   

2.                

                

               ,

               ,

,              

  

3.                   

               

               

             

 



,         

4.              ,

              ,  

  ,             

2

    ,              

            

5. :            , 

               

       ,     ,    

              ,  

    ,       

   

        

1.      :         

,          :    

 ,     " "     ,   

   ,             

  ,   " " ,    ,    

 ,      

2.     :     ,      

  ,           

   , -    14-16  ,     

     ,             

              , 

               

 

3.     :          ,

  ,            , 

     ,         

               

,         ,     

   

4.       :        

   ,           , 

              , 

              

       ,       

             ,  

           

5.  :            

          ,      

2

              

,               

      ,       

6.     :-   ,      

                

              

   ,             

   

       

1.           ,   

                

      " "    ,  

             

 ,  ""      ,    

    

2.      :          

            

     ,          

               

               

              

            

3.               

 -        ,    

          ,  , 1832  1867

     ,           

      ,        

     

4.       :         

 -        ,    

,            

               

      ,          

      

5.  



      



      ,   

 



             

    



             

2

   ,           ,

            ,   

   



           ,   

          ,   

               

,               

           ,     

 ,           

4.             ?

:   ,   " "   , 1914  1918     

           ,     

        ,         

,  20         

     

1.                

            -    

   ,            

, -       ,      

   -            

  ,                

    ,    ,         

    

2.    :     ,  

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     

   ,         ,  

            , 

             ,  

        ,      

 

3.                 



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      1914 ,   

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,      ,

2

                  

          ,  

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 

            

4.  

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 :

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,    

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   ,       

           ,    

,   

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 -         



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   

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            , 

        

5.        :     28 , 1914  -

        

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      

              -

       ,     

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    

  

     

1.         ,   17   

   ,        ,  

              

     ,       ,  

     

2.   :       ,  , -

,         ,       

     



  ,    1917   , 

     

3.   :              

                  

 ,   



        ,  

         

4.    :    1919         

      ,         





               

,                 

5.  



:  ,        



    

           ,   

             

       

2

6.               

             

        ,       

      

7.              ,

,                

                  

    



              ,

           , , ,





                

 ,      , 



      

       ,     ,   

           ,    

   ,             

 -

5.                

:1921          ()     

          ,    

    ,           

 ,               

      

1.             

            - 

        ,       

    ,          

      ,       

      

2.    :             , 

          ,      

2

          ,       

      ,            

        ,       

3.               ,  

              , 

         ,      

              

    ,            

 

4.               

,      " "     - ,

       ,        

              ,

              

5.               ,  

                 

     ,    ,     

              ,  

        

6.   :     ,    ,    

             

             ,  

               

    

     

1. ,   :         

              

              ,

           1920     , 

   ,              

    

2.  :            

""         ,      

            

    ,           

              

2

  ,            

     

3.    :   ,        , 

          ,     

 ,        ,    - , 

       ,        

,       

4.         :        

    -         

      ,         

              

            ,   

              

" "     

5.          



   

,               

               

              

       

6.      :    , NEP    

                

        1924      , NEP  

    ,  1920     ,     

               

              

   



                

                

  , NEP              

          ,  

       NEP         

            ,    

          

              ,   

          

2

6.  



           ?         

   ?

:          (1868-1894)

  19          ,   

     ,            

,             1868     

    ,  



           



    

        ,         

( )        ,      

,         -         

       ,          

,           19    ,  



       ,         1853 

               

      ,          

                

 ,               

   

           

       ,         ,   

   ,             

               

  ,             

   

1868 ,              

                ,  

            

     

   ,               

           , ,  

               ,

 



          

2

1.    

o          ,       

             

( )             

    

o 1889 ,    ,        

       ,       

,       ,      

         

o         ,      

          ,  

    ,      

       

2.   

o             , 

           , 

,          

o            

   ,     

   (  )   

o             ,

      ,     

             

          

o               

       

3.   

o             

    ,         



o        ,     

    1873          

        ,    

     



    

2

o            ,     

             ,

         ,     

         

4.       

o             

   



     ,   ,  

             

            

o            , 

     ,    

o            , 

, ,       ,    

           , 

    ,      

o              

    ,   -   , 

           ,   

    

        

-       ,        

                 

              

 

1.  

o         1850  1860    

         ,    

           ,  

         ,     

   

2.   -   

o               

,            1894 ,  

 -    ,       

        

2

o   ,           ,

      

3. -   

o            ,      

        1904-1905  -  

  ,      ,       

      

     

                  

  :

1.          

o 20       , -     

    



         

             

2.     

o              

             

     ,         

     

3.       

o           

,             

            

 

4.     

o           

     ,       

,       ,       

     

5.    

o               

 ,             

2

,     -  ,   

       ,  20     



           ,     -

,      



         

                 

          ,  

           ,     

         

 -

7. 1929           ?   



     

 

:1929   ,      ,     

                 1929  1930  

               

          ,     

1929         ?

            :

1. 1929       :      1929  

     1920    ,         ,

               ,   

   ,     ,       ,

     

2.    :             

                 

                  

 ,               

    ,      

3.    :-        ,   

              , 

2

              

   ,     

4.  



             ; 

                  

 1930  -    (   )     

      ,  



      

         

5.    :1930              

                

 ,        

 



    

               

 ,   



 ,             

      

      ,       

 :

•  : 1933 ,    25%    ,   

               , 

    

•               

               



- 





,  "" (



     )      

•    :1929  1933      9,000    , 

                

     

•     :-     ,      

       



       ,

     

•     : , 



        

  ,            

      ,       

          1933    .  



 

      ,   ,     

             



2

   

           ,        :

•              ,   

       ,       

      ,    ,       ,

               

              

 ,      



       



•    :           

    20%    ,      

    ,         

 ,                 

•              ,  1931    

             ,

              

           ,  

       

•             

           ,  

               



    

•  :            

     ,   ,  

    ,   ,    

              

,              



•   :         ,   , 

                , 

      



 ,        

               



•  : ,            ,

        ,       , 

2

       1930      

    ,          

    

•  :  



,      ,      

               

           

         

     

        ;    

   :

1.    ,         

          ,  

      



       

    ,          

     ,         

2.        ,      

    ,     .      

          ,     

   ,         

  

3.     :        ,  ,

       



  ,  ,    

                ,

     ,         





            

4.  



    :   



       

      ,       

        



      ,

          



1929               , 

 ,           , 

  

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             

           ,   

             ,    

                 

2

8.                ?

: 20          ,   

               

                 

          

1.        

            :

•             ,

            

              

•  :   

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     ,    , 

    ,    ,         

    

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       

•     :        

             

       

2.       

       :

•      ,  -        

              

              

•    :            , 

   -             

  

3.     

               :

•      :1917          

  ,              

     ,         

    

•       :           

               ,

          

2

4.          

         :

•    :             

    ,            

         " ,  , ",  

 

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     

•       :      :

o - 

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 :  

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       

            

  

o   :       ,    





        ,      

              

       

o   :   



       

              

      ""      

    

5.     

             :

•      ,       

              

            

•          ,     

 ,               

1929       ,          

   

6. 



     

              :

•    :           





              

     ,    (      ) 

              



2

•   :    ()       

        ,    

               

      

7.     (1922)

         1922     :

•   :            

       ,    ,     

           ,  

    

8.       

                 :

•         ,   

        -    

            ,   , 

      

•               

,              , 

  



     

9.         

1920     ,           :

• - :        ,  

                

 

•              

           

•               

            ,   

(OVRA)      



      ,  ,     

          -    

 , 



       



       

2

        , ,    

                

    

:              ( )       

         ,              